{"id":1605,"date":"2012-11-04T10:41:46","date_gmt":"2012-11-04T15:41:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.epsi-inc.com\/?p=1605"},"modified":"2022-06-09T13:10:54","modified_gmt":"2022-06-09T17:10:54","slug":"leadership-organizations-concepts-theories","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/leadership-organizations-concepts-theories\/","title":{"rendered":"Leadership in Organizations: Concepts and Theories"},"content":{"rendered":"

This week\u2019s post sets us up for a look in to some of the numerous concepts and theories pertaining to leadership. Larry Coutts, Ph.D. and Director, Research and Development at EPSI Inc. has reviewed an incredible amount of literature on the matter and shares with you the highlights of his findings.<\/em>
\nAs organizations strive to create high-performing workplaces that anticipate and respond to dynamic changes in the workplace and the global community, the role of leadership\u00a0<\/strong>becomes increasingly important. After 80 years of research and over 10,000 scientific studies, we know that quality of leadership is central to the survival and success of organizations.
\nThe Nature of Leadership<\/strong>
\nBut what is leadership? Is it different from \u201cmanagement\u201d or \u201cadministration?\u201d \u00a0Historically and practically, these terms have been used interchangeably. Are these terms really synonymous? Many researchers think not, believing that management requires administrative oversight, but not necessarily the manifestation of leadership. Leadership implies providing a vision of the future and inspiring others to find ways to make the vision a reality. As such, a large component of leadership is implicitly future-oriented. In contrast, management and administration refer more to present-oriented activities. For example, based on the work of Rabindra Kanungo at McGill University, the key differences between \u201cmanagement\u201d and \u201cleadership\u201d can be summarized as follows.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Management<\/strong><\/td>\nLeadership<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Engages in day-to-day caretaker activities: maintains and allocates resources<\/td>\nFormulates long-term objectives for reforming the system: Plans strategy and tactics<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Exhibits supervisory behaviour: Acts to make others maintain standard job behaviour<\/td>\nExhibits leading behaviour: Acts to bring about change in others congruent with long-term objectives<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Administers subsystems within organizations<\/td>\nInnovates for the entire organization<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Asks how and when to engage in standard practice<\/td>\nAsks what and why to change standard practice<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Acts within established culture of the organization<\/td>\nCreates vision and meaning for the organization<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Uses transactional influence: Induces compliance in manifest behaviour using rewards, sanctions, and formal authority<\/td>\nUses transformational influence: Induces change in values, attitudes, and behaviour using personal examples and expertise<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Relies on control strategies to get things done by subordinates<\/td>\nUses empowering strategies to make followers internalize values<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Status quo supporter and stabilizer<\/td>\nStatus quo challenger and change creator<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

To understand the leadership role, it is necessary to understand the variety of tasks that get carried out in successful organizations. As depicted in\u00a0Figure 1<\/em>, Quinn (1988) has categorized these tasks in a model known as the \u201cCompeting Values Framework.\u201d \u00a0The tasks are divided along two dimensions: an internal-external focus and a flexibility-control focus.
\nThe internal-external dimension refers to the extent that the focus is either inwards (toward employee issues and\/or production processes) or outwards (toward the marketplace, government regulations, and the changing social, environmental, and technological conditions of the future). The flexibility-control dimension refers to the competing demands of staying focused on doing what has been done in the past versus being more flexible in orientation and outlook.\u00a0Figure 1<\/em>\u00a0also outlines the variety of roles (i.e., innovator, broker, producer, director, coordinator, monitor, facilitator, and mentor) that a leader must adopt.<\/p>\n

Figure 1<\/strong>: Leadership Roles and Competencies
\n\"\"
\nCheck in with us next week for more on the topic\u2026 In the meantime, if you have any questions that you\u2019d like answered, there\u2019s no time like the present!
\nLarry Coutts, Ph.D.<\/a><\/p>\n

References<\/strong>
\nBass, B. M. (1998).\u00a0Transformational leadership<\/em>. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
\nConger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1998).\u00a0Charismatic leadership in organizations<\/em>. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
\nFiedler, F. E. (1967).\u00a0A theory of leadership effectiveness<\/em>.\u00a0 New York: McGraw-Hill.
\nHersey, P, and Blanchard, K. H. (1988).\u00a0Management of organizational behaviour<\/em>. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
\nHersey, P, Blanchard, K. H., & Johnson, D. E. (2001).\u00a0Management of organizational behaviour<\/em>, 8th<\/sup>\u00a0ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
\nHouse, R. J. (1971). A path-goal theory of leader effectiveness.\u00a0Administrative Science Quarterly, 16<\/em>, 321-338.
\nHouse, R. J. (1996). Path-goal theory of leadership: Lessons, legacy and a reformulated theory.\u00a0Leadership Quarterly, 7<\/em>, 323-352.
\nHouse, R. J., & Aditya, R. (1997). The social scientific study of leadership: Quo vadis.\u00a0Journal of Management, 23<\/em>, 409-474.
\nKanungo, R. N. (1998). Leadership in organizations: Looking ahead to the 21st<\/sup>\u00a0century.\u00a0Canadian Psychology, 39<\/em>(1-2).
\nKirkpatrick, S. A., & Locke, E. A. (1991). Leadership: Do traits matter?\u00a0The Executive, 5<\/em>(2), 48-60.
\nLowe, K. B., Kroeck, K. G., & Sivasubramaniam, N. (1996). Effectiveness correlates of transformation and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic review of the MLQ literature.\u00a0Leadership Quarterly, 7<\/em>, 385-425.
\nQuinn, R. E. (1988).\u00a0Beyond Rational Management<\/em>. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Inc.
\nSchriesheim, C. A., Cogliser, C. C., & Neider, L. L. (1995). Is it trustworthy? A multiple-levels-of analysis re-examination of an Ohio State leadership study with implications for future research.\u00a0Leadership Quarterly<\/em>, Summer, 111-145.
\nYukl, G. (1998).\u00a0Leadership in organizations<\/em>\u00a0(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
\nYukl, G. A., Wall, S, & Lepsinger, R. (1990). Preliminary report on validation of the management practices survey. In K. E. Clark & M. B. Clark (Eds.),\u00a0Measures of leadership<\/em>\u00a0(pp. 223-238). West Orange, NJ: Leadership Library of America.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

This week\u2019s post sets us up for a look in to some of the numerous concepts and theories pertaining to leadership. Larry Coutts, Ph.D. and Director, Research and Development at EPSI Inc. has reviewed an incredible amount of literature on the matter and shares with you the highlights of his findings. As organizations strive to […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":9416,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[76],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1605","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-post"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLeadership in Organizations: Concepts and Theories – EPSI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/leadership-organizations-concepts-theories\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Leadership in Organizations: Concepts and Theories – EPSI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This week\u2019s post sets us up for a look in to some of the numerous concepts and theories pertaining to leadership. Larry Coutts, Ph.D. and Director, Research and Development at EPSI Inc. has reviewed an incredible amount of literature on the matter and shares with you the highlights of his findings. As organizations strive to […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/leadership-organizations-concepts-theories\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"EPSI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/epsiinc\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2012-11-04T15:41:46+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-06-09T17:10:54+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/04\/iStock-1146468272-scaled.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2560\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1440\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Catherine Audet\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@epsisocialmedia\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@epsisocialmedia\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Catherine Audet\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/epsi-inc.com\\\/en\\\/leadership-organizations-concepts-theories\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/epsi-inc.com\\\/en\\\/leadership-organizations-concepts-theories\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Catherine Audet\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/epsi-inc.com\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/7bbccc029b22ff88aa8198218d885fd0\"},\"headline\":\"Leadership in Organizations: Concepts and Theories\",\"datePublished\":\"2012-11-04T15:41:46+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-06-09T17:10:54+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/epsi-inc.com\\\/en\\\/leadership-organizations-concepts-theories\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":812,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/epsi-inc.com\\\/en\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/epsi-inc.com\\\/en\\\/leadership-organizations-concepts-theories\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/epsi-inc.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2012\\\/04\\\/iStock-1146468272-scaled.jpg?wsr\",\"articleSection\":[\"Post\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/epsi-inc.com\\\/en\\\/leadership-organizations-concepts-theories\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/epsi-inc.com\\\/en\\\/leadership-organizations-concepts-theories\\\/\",\"name\":\"Leadership in Organizations: Concepts and Theories – EPSI\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/epsi-inc.com\\\/en\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/epsi-inc.com\\\/en\\\/leadership-organizations-concepts-theories\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/epsi-inc.com\\\/en\\\/leadership-organizations-concepts-theories\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/epsi-inc.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2012\\\/04\\\/iStock-1146468272-scaled.jpg?wsr\",\"datePublished\":\"2012-11-04T15:41:46+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-06-09T17:10:54+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/epsi-inc.com\\\/en\\\/leadership-organizations-concepts-theories\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/epsi-inc.com\\\/en\\\/leadership-organizations-concepts-theories\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/epsi-inc.com\\\/en\\\/leadership-organizations-concepts-theories\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/epsi-inc.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2012\\\/04\\\/iStock-1146468272-scaled.jpg?wsr\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/epsi-inc.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2012\\\/04\\\/iStock-1146468272-scaled.jpg?wsr\",\"width\":2560,\"height\":1440,\"caption\":\"Mixed race business woman manager coach mentor consulting diverse team work on whiteboard at meeting training, african american leader give presentation lecture to employees group at office workshop\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/epsi-inc.com\\\/en\\\/leadership-organizations-concepts-theories\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Accueil\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/epsi-inc.com\\\/en\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Leadership in Organizations: Concepts and Theories\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/epsi-inc.com\\\/en\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/epsi-inc.com\\\/en\\\/\",\"name\":\"EPSI\",\"description\":\"Services consultatifs en ressources humaines et solution d'affaire\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/epsi-inc.com\\\/en\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/epsi-inc.com\\\/en\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/epsi-inc.com\\\/en\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"EPSI inc.\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/epsi-inc.com\\\/en\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/epsi-inc.com\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/epsi-inc.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/02\\\/vlogo.svg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/epsi-inc.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/02\\\/vlogo.svg\",\"width\":2,\"height\":1,\"caption\":\"EPSI inc.\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/epsi-inc.com\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/epsiinc\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/epsisocialmedia\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.linkedin.com\\\/company\\\/epsi_3\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/user\\\/EPSISocialMedia\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/epsi-inc.com\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/7bbccc029b22ff88aa8198218d885fd0\",\"name\":\"Catherine Audet\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/1eb0b912cd93d4c2e70ab354cf4c214431401aba81b4d5a11299d7ac5fffbd59?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/1eb0b912cd93d4c2e70ab354cf4c214431401aba81b4d5a11299d7ac5fffbd59?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/1eb0b912cd93d4c2e70ab354cf4c214431401aba81b4d5a11299d7ac5fffbd59?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Catherine Audet\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Leadership in Organizations: Concepts and Theories – EPSI","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/leadership-organizations-concepts-theories\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Leadership in Organizations: Concepts and Theories – EPSI","og_description":"This week\u2019s post sets us up for a look in to some of the numerous concepts and theories pertaining to leadership. Larry Coutts, Ph.D. and Director, Research and Development at EPSI Inc. has reviewed an incredible amount of literature on the matter and shares with you the highlights of his findings. As organizations strive to […]","og_url":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/leadership-organizations-concepts-theories\/","og_site_name":"EPSI","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/epsiinc","article_published_time":"2012-11-04T15:41:46+00:00","article_modified_time":"2022-06-09T17:10:54+00:00","og_image":[{"width":2560,"height":1440,"url":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/04\/iStock-1146468272-scaled.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Catherine Audet","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@epsisocialmedia","twitter_site":"@epsisocialmedia","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Catherine Audet","Est. reading time":"4 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/leadership-organizations-concepts-theories\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/leadership-organizations-concepts-theories\/"},"author":{"name":"Catherine Audet","@id":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/7bbccc029b22ff88aa8198218d885fd0"},"headline":"Leadership in Organizations: Concepts and Theories","datePublished":"2012-11-04T15:41:46+00:00","dateModified":"2022-06-09T17:10:54+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/leadership-organizations-concepts-theories\/"},"wordCount":812,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/leadership-organizations-concepts-theories\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/04\/iStock-1146468272-scaled.jpg?wsr","articleSection":["Post"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/leadership-organizations-concepts-theories\/","url":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/leadership-organizations-concepts-theories\/","name":"Leadership in Organizations: Concepts and Theories – EPSI","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/leadership-organizations-concepts-theories\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/leadership-organizations-concepts-theories\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/04\/iStock-1146468272-scaled.jpg?wsr","datePublished":"2012-11-04T15:41:46+00:00","dateModified":"2022-06-09T17:10:54+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/leadership-organizations-concepts-theories\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/leadership-organizations-concepts-theories\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/leadership-organizations-concepts-theories\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/04\/iStock-1146468272-scaled.jpg?wsr","contentUrl":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/04\/iStock-1146468272-scaled.jpg?wsr","width":2560,"height":1440,"caption":"Mixed race business woman manager coach mentor consulting diverse team work on whiteboard at meeting training, african american leader give presentation lecture to employees group at office workshop"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/leadership-organizations-concepts-theories\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Accueil","item":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Leadership in Organizations: Concepts and Theories"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/","name":"EPSI","description":"Services consultatifs en ressources humaines et solution d'affaire","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/#organization","name":"EPSI inc.","url":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/vlogo.svg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/vlogo.svg","width":2,"height":1,"caption":"EPSI inc."},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/epsiinc","https:\/\/x.com\/epsisocialmedia","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/epsi_3","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/EPSISocialMedia"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/7bbccc029b22ff88aa8198218d885fd0","name":"Catherine Audet","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1eb0b912cd93d4c2e70ab354cf4c214431401aba81b4d5a11299d7ac5fffbd59?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1eb0b912cd93d4c2e70ab354cf4c214431401aba81b4d5a11299d7ac5fffbd59?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1eb0b912cd93d4c2e70ab354cf4c214431401aba81b4d5a11299d7ac5fffbd59?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Catherine Audet"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1605","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1605"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1605\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9416"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1605"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1605"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/epsi-inc.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1605"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}